Monga chitsimikizo chofunikira cha mbewu zokhazikika komanso zokolola zambiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatenga gawo losasinthika pakulamulira tizilombo. Ma Neonicotinoids ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Adalembetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ku China ndi mayiko opitilira 120 kuphatikiza European Union, United States, ndi Canada. Gawo la msika limawerengera oposa 25% ya dziko lapansi. Amalamulira mosankha nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) mu dongosolo la mitsempha ya tizilombo, amafooketsa dongosolo la mitsempha yapakati ndikuyambitsa imfa ya tizilombo, ndipo ali ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zowongolera pa Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, komanso ngakhale tizilombo tolimbana ndi tizilombo. Pofika mu Seputembala 2021, pali mankhwala ophera tizilombo 12 a neonicotinoid omwe adalembetsedwa m'dziko langa, omwe ndi imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Pali mitundu yoposa 3,400 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuphatikizapo nitrile, piperazine, chlorothiline, cycloploprid ndi fluoropyranone, pakati pawo mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi zoposa 31%.
Ndi ndalama zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid m'malo olima, mavuto ambiri asayansi monga kukana kuukira, zoopsa zachilengedwe, komanso thanzi la anthu nawonso awonekera kwambiri. Mu 2018, kuchuluka kwa aphid a thonje m'dera la Xinjiang kunakula pang'ono komanso kwakukulu kwa kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, pakati pawo kukana kwa imidacloprid, acetamiprid ndi thiamethoxam kunawonjezeka ndi nthawi 85.2-412 ndi nthawi 221-777, motsatana komanso nthawi 122 mpaka 1,095. Kafukufuku wapadziko lonse lapansi wokhudza kukana mankhwala kwa Bemisia tabaci adawonetsanso kuti kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2010, Bemisia tabaci idawonetsa kukana kwakukulu kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, makamaka imidacloprid ndi thiacloprid. Kachiwiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid samangokhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu, momwe amadyetsera, momwe madera amakhalira komanso momwe njuchi zimakhalira, komanso zimakhudza kwambiri kukula ndi kuberekana kwa nyongolotsi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyambira 1994 mpaka 2011, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid mu mkodzo wa anthu kunawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kudya mosalunjika komanso kudzikundikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid m'thupi kumawonjezeka chaka ndi chaka. Kudzera mu microdialysis mu ubongo wa makoswe, kunapezeka kuti clothianidin ndi thiamethoxam stress zimatha kuyambitsa kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine m'makoswe, ndipo thiacloprid imatha kuyambitsa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro m'magazi a makoswe. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid amatha kukhudza kuyamwitsa Kuwonongeka kwa machitidwe amitsempha ndi endocrine a nyama. Kafukufuku wa in vitro wa maselo oyamba a mesenchymal a mafupa a anthu adatsimikizira kuti nitenpyram imatha kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa DNA ndi kusintha kwa ma chromosome, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitundu ya okosijeni yomwe imagwira ntchito mkati mwa maselo ichuluke, zomwe zimakhudza kusiyana kwa mafupa. Kutengera izi, Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) idayambitsa njira yowunikiranso mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, ndipo European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) idaletsanso ndikuletsa imidacloprid, thiamethoxam ndi clothianidin.
Kuphatikiza mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo sikungochedwetsa kukana kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuwongolera ntchito ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kupereka mwayi waukulu wochepetsera mavuto asayansi omwe ali pamwambapa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mosalekeza. Chifukwa chake, pepalali likufuna kufotokoza kafukufuku wokhudza kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ulimi weniweni, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus, carbamate, pyrethroids. Pofuna kupereka umboni wa sayansi wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid komanso kasamalidwe koyenera.
1 Kupita patsogolo pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Organophosphorus ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizilombo m'dziko langa. Amaletsa ntchito ya acetylcholinesterase ndipo amakhudza kufalikira kwa mitsempha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tife. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Organophosphorus amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yotsala, ndipo mavuto a poizoni wa chilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha anthu ndi nyama ndi odziwika bwino. Kuwaphatikiza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid kungathandize kuthetsa mavuto asayansi omwe ali pamwambapa. Pamene chiŵerengero cha imidacloprid ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala 1:40-1:5, mphamvu yolamulira pa mphutsi za leek imakhala yabwino, ndipo mphamvu ya poizoni wa co-toxicity imatha kufika 122.6-338.6 (onani Gome 1). Pakati pawo, mphamvu yolamulira ya imidacloprid ndi phoxim pa rape aphid ndi yokwera kufika pa 90.7% mpaka 95.3%, ndipo nthawi yogwira ntchito ndi yoposa miyezi 7. Nthawi yomweyo, kukonzekera kwa imidacloprid ndi phoxim (dzina la malonda la Diphimide) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 900 g/hm2, ndipo mphamvu yowongolera pa rape aphids nthawi yonse yokulira inali yoposa 90%. Kukonzekera kwa thiamethoxam, acephate ndi chlorpyrifos kuli ndi mphamvu yabwino yopha tizilombo motsutsana ndi kabichi, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient imafika 131.1 mpaka 459.0. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene chiŵerengero cha thiamethoxam ndi chlorpyrifos chinali 1:16, kuchuluka kwa theka (LC50 value) kwa S. striatellus kunali 8.0 mg/L, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient inali 201.12; Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Pamene chiŵerengero cha nitenpyram ndi chlorpyrifos chinali 1∶30, chinali ndi mphamvu yabwino yogwirizana pa kulamulira white-backed planthopper, ndipo LC50 inali 1.3 mg/L yokha. Kuphatikiza kwa cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, ndi dichlorvos kuli ndi mphamvu yabwino yogwirizanitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a tirigu, thonje la bollworm ndi kachilomboka, ndipo mphamvu ya poizoni ndi 134.0-280.0. Pamene fluoropyranone ndi phoxim zinasakanizidwa mu chiŵerengero cha 1:4, mphamvu ya poizoni inali 176.8, zomwe zinasonyeza mphamvu yogwirizana yolamulira mphutsi za leek za zaka 4.
Mwachidule, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus monga malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, ndi zina zotero. Kuwongolera bwino kumawonjezeka, ndipo zotsatira zake pa chilengedwe zimachepetsedwa bwino. Tikulimbikitsanso kupititsa patsogolo kukonzekera mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, phoxim ndi malathion, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito bwino maubwino owongolera mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
2 Kupita patsogolo pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a carbamate
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Carbamate amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ulimi, nkhalango, ndi ziweto poletsa ntchito za tizilombo acetylcholinease ndi carboxylesterase, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti acetylcholine ndi carboxylesterase zisonkhanitsidwe komanso kupha tizilombo. Nthawiyi ndi yochepa, ndipo vuto la kukana tizilombo ndi lalikulu. Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a carbamate ikhoza kukulitsidwa pophatikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid. Pamene imidacloprid ndi isoprocarb zinagwiritsidwa ntchito polamulira planthopper yoyera kumbuyo kwa chiŵerengero cha 7:400, co-toxicity coefficient inafika pamwamba kwambiri, yomwe inali 638.1 (onani Gome 1). Pamene chiŵerengero cha imidacloprid ndi iprocarb chinali 1∶16, zotsatira zolamulira mpunga planthopper zinali zoonekeratu, co-toxicity coefficient inali 178.1, ndipo nthawi ya zotsatira inali yayitali kuposa ya mlingo umodzi. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsanso kuti kuyimitsidwa kwa thiamethoxam ndi carbosulfan kwa 13% komwe kumayikidwa mu capsules kunali ndi mphamvu yabwino yowongolera komanso chitetezo pa nsabwe za tirigu m'munda. d idakwera kuchoka pa 97.7% kufika pa 98.6%. Pambuyo pa 48% acetamiprid ndi carbosulfan dispersible oil suspension idayikidwa pa 36 ~ 60 g ai / hm2, mphamvu yowongolera pa nsabwe za thonje inali 87.1% ~ 96.9%, ndipo nthawi yogwira ntchitoyo ikhoza kufika masiku 14, ndipo adani achilengedwe a Nsabwe za thonje ali otetezeka.
Mwachidule, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi isoprocarb, carbosulfan, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingachedwetse kukana kwa tizilombo tomwe timafuna monga Bemisia tabaci ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, ndipo zimatha kutalikitsa nthawi ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo. , mphamvu yowongolera ya kukonzekera kwa mankhwala ndi yabwino kwambiri kuposa ya chinthu chimodzi, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga kwenikweni kwaulimi. Komabe, ndikofunikira kukhala tcheru ndi carbosulfur, chinthu chomwe chimawononga carbosulfan, chomwe ndi poizoni kwambiri ndipo chaletsedwa kulima ndiwo zamasamba.
3 Kupita patsogolo pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa pyrethroid
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa pyrethroid amayambitsa matenda a mitsempha mwa kukhudza njira za sodium ion m'mitsempha ya mitsempha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tizifa. Chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri, mphamvu ya kuchotsa poizoni m'thupi ndi kagayidwe kachakudya ka tizilombo imawonjezeka, mphamvu ya kukhudzidwa kwa tizilombo imachepa, ndipo kukana mankhwala kumapangidwa mosavuta. Gome 1 likuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa imidacloprid ndi fenvalerate kumawongolera bwino aphid ya mbatata, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient ya 2:3 ratio imafika 276.8. Kukonzekera kwa imidacloprid, thiamethoxam ndi etherethrin ndi njira yothandiza yopewera kusefukira kwa anthu a brown planthopper, pomwe imidacloprid ndi etherethrin zimasakanizidwa bwino mu chiŵerengero cha 5:1, thiamethoxam ndi etherethrin mu chiŵerengero cha 7:1 Kusakaniza ndiko kwabwino kwambiri, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient ndi 174.3-188.7. Kapisozi kakang'ono ka microcapsule ka 13% thiamethoxam ndi 9% beta-cyhalothrin kali ndi mphamvu yogwirizana, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient ndi 232, yomwe ili pamlingo wa 123.6- Pakati pa 169.5 g/hm2, mphamvu yolamulira pa nsabwe za fodya imatha kufika 90%, ndipo ndiye mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizirombo ta fodya. Pamene clothianidin ndi beta-cyhalothrin zinaphatikizidwa pa chiŵerengero cha 1:9, co-toxicity coefficient ya nsabwe za m'madzi inali yapamwamba kwambiri (210.5), zomwe zinachedwetsa kukana kwa clothianidin. Pamene chiŵerengero cha acetamiprid ndi bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin ndi fenvalerate chinali 1:2, 1:4 ndi 1:4, co-toxicity coefficient inali yapamwamba kwambiri, kuyambira 409.0 mpaka 630.6. Pamene ma ratio a thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin onse anali 5:1, ma coefficients a co-toxicity anali 414.0 ndi 706.0, motsatana, ndipo zotsatira zogwirizanitsa zowongolera pa nsabwe zinali zofunika kwambiri. Zotsatira zowongolera za clothianidin ndi beta-cyhalothrin mix (LC50 value 1.4-4.1 mg/L) pa nsabwe ya vwende zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa za single agent (LC50 value 42.7 mg/L), ndipo zotsatira zowongolera patatha masiku 7 chithandizo chitatha zinali zoposa 92%.
Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid ndi wokhwima pang'ono, ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popewa ndi kuwongolera matenda ndi tizilombo toononga m'dziko langa, zomwe zimachedwetsa kukana kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid ndikuchepetsa poizoni wambiri wotsalira komanso wosakhala wa cholinga. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid pamodzi ndi deltamethrin, butoxide, ndi zina zotero kungachepetse Aedes aegypti ndi Anopheles gambiae, omwe amalimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid, ndikupereka chitsogozo chopewera ndi kuwongolera tizilombo taukhondo padziko lonse lapansi.
4 Kupita patsogolo pa kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo a amide
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Amide amaletsa makamaka ma receptors a nsomba za nitin, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tipitirize kufooka ndikulimbitsa minofu yawo ndikumwalira. Kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ndi kuphatikiza kwawo kumatha kuchepetsa kukana kwa tizilombo ndikuwonjezera moyo wawo. Pofuna kuwongolera tizilombo tomwe tikufuna, co-toxicity coefficient inali 121.0 mpaka 183.0 (onani Gome 2). Pamene thiamethoxam ndi chlorantraniliprole zinasakanizidwa ndi 15∶11 kuti ziwongolere mphutsi za B. citricarpa, co-toxicity coefficient yapamwamba kwambiri inali 157.9; thiamethoxam, clothianidin ndi nitenpyram zinasakanizidwa ndi snainamide Pamene chiŵerengero chinali 10:1, co-toxicity coefficient inafika 170.2-194.1, ndipo pamene chiŵerengero cha dinotefuran ndi spirulina chinali 1:1, co-toxicity coefficient inali yapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo zotsatira zowongolera pa N. lugens zinali zodabwitsa. Pamene ma ratio a imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran ndi sflufenamid anali 5:1, 5:1, 1:5 ndi 10:1, motsatana, mphamvu yowongolera inali yabwino kwambiri, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient inali yabwino kwambiri. Anali 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 ndi 403.8, motsatana. Mphamvu yowongolera motsutsana ndi thonje aphid (masiku 7) ikhoza kufika 92.4% mpaka 98.1%, ndipo mphamvu yowongolera motsutsana ndi diamondback moth (masiku 7) ikhoza kufika 91.9% mpaka 96.8%, ndipo mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito inali yayikulu.
Mwachidule, kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ndi amide sikuti kumangochepetsa kukana mankhwala kwa tizilombo tomwe tikufuna, komanso kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, kuchepetsa ndalama, komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko chogwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Amide ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakulamulira tizilombo tomwe tikufuna, ndipo ali ndi zotsatira zabwino m'malo mwa mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi poizoni wambiri komanso nthawi yayitali yotsala. Msika ukuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ali ndi mwayi waukulu wokulitsa ulimi weniweni.
5 Kupita patsogolo pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a benzoylurea
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Benzoylurea ndi mankhwala oletsa kupanga chitinase, omwe amawononga tizilombo powakhudza kukula kwawo kwabwinobwino. Sikophweka kupanga kukana kosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo amatha kuwongolera bwino tizilombo tomwe timalimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus ndi pyrethroid. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid. Izi zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pa Gome 2: kuphatikiza kwa imidacloprid, thiamethoxam ndi diflubenzuron kumakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yogwirizanitsa mphutsi za leek, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zabwino kwambiri pamene thiamethoxam ndi diflubenzuron zikuphatikizidwa pa 5:1. Poison factor ndi yokwera kufika pa 207.4. Pamene chiŵerengero chosakaniza cha clothianidin ndi flufenoxuron chinali 2:1, co-toxicity coefficient motsutsana ndi mphutsi za mphutsi za leek inali 176.5, ndipo mphamvu yolamulira m'munda inafika pa 94.4%. Kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a cyclofenapyr ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo a benzoylurea monga polyflubenzuron ndi flufenoxuron kuli ndi mphamvu yabwino yolamulira diamondback moth ndi rice leaf roller, yokhala ndi co-toxicity coefficient ya 100.7 mpaka 228.9, zomwe zingachepetse bwino ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Poyerekeza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa organophosphorus ndi pyrethroid, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa neonicotinoid ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa benzoylurea pamodzi kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro la chitukuko cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo obiriwira, omwe angathe kukulitsa bwino mphamvu yolamulira ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chilengedwe cha chilengedwe chilinso chotetezeka.
6 Kupita patsogolo pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa necrotoxin
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Neretoxin ndi oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, omwe angayambitse poizoni ndi imfa mwa kuletsa kufalikira kwa ma neurotransmitters. Chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwakukulu, palibe kuyamwa ndi kufukiza, zimakhala zosavuta kukhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi tizilombo. Mphamvu yolamulira ya gulu la mpunga ndi tri stem borer lomwe lakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ndi yabwino. Gome 2 likuwonetsa: pamene imidacloprid ndi insecticidal single zimaphatikizidwa mu chiŵerengero cha 2:68, mphamvu yolamulira pa tizilombo ta Diploxin ndi yabwino kwambiri, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient ndi 146.7. Pamene chiŵerengero cha thiamethoxam ndi insecticidal single agent chili 1:1, pali mphamvu yogwirizana kwambiri pa ma aphid a chimanga, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient ndi 214.2. Mphamvu yolamulira ya 40% ya thiamethoxam·insecticide single suspension agent ikadali yofanana ndi ya tsiku la 15 la 93.0%～97.0%, yokhalitsa, komanso yotetezeka kukula kwa chimanga. Ufa wosungunuka wa imidacloprid·insecticide ring uli ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yolamulira pa apple golden stripe moth, ndipo mphamvu yolamulira imakhala yofanana ndi 79.8% mpaka 91.7% masiku 15 pambuyo poti tizilombo tayamba kuphuka.
Monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapangidwa paokha ndi dziko langa, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito udzu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asamagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri. Kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa necrotoxin ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa neonicotinoid kumapereka njira zambiri zowongolera tizilombo tomwe timafuna kupanga, komanso ndi njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito paulendo wopangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
7 Kupita patsogolo pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa heterocyclic pesticides
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa Heterocyclic ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso ambiri mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo achilengedwe popanga ulimi, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo amakhala nthawi yayitali m'chilengedwe ndipo ndi ovuta kuwawononga. Kuphatikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa neonicotinoid kungathandize kuchepetsa mlingo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa heterocyclic ndikuchepetsa poizoni wa phytotoxicity, ndipo kuphatikizana kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochepa kungathandize kwambiri. Izi zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pa Gome 3: pamene chiŵerengero cha mankhwala a imidacloprid ndi pymetrozine chili 1:3, co-toxicity coefficient imafika pa 616.2 yapamwamba kwambiri; Planthopper control imagwira ntchito mwachangu komanso nthawi yayitali. Imidacloprid, dinotefuran ndi thiacloprid zinaphatikizidwa ndi mesylconazole motsatana kuti ziwongolere mphutsi za kachilomboka kakuda kameneka, mphutsi za nyongolotsi yaying'ono, ndi kachilomboka ka m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Thiacloprid, nitenpyram ndi chlorothiline zinaphatikizidwa motsatana. Kuphatikiza kwa mesylconazole kuli ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yolamulira pa citrus psyllids. Kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala 7 ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid monga imidacloprid, thiamethoxam ndi chlorfenapyr kunathandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi mphutsi za leek. Pamene chiŵerengero cha kuphatikiza cha thiamethoxam ndi fipronil chili 2:1-71:1, chiŵerengero cha kuphatikiza cha poizoni ndi 152.2-519.2, chiŵerengero cha kuphatikiza cha thiamethoxam ndi chlorfenapyr ndi 217:1, ndipo chiŵerengero cha kuphatikiza cha poizoni ndi 857.4, chimakhala ndi mphamvu yolamulira bwino chiswe. Kuphatikiza kwa thiamethoxam ndi fipronil monga mankhwala ochiritsira mbewu kungachepetse bwino kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ta tirigu m'munda ndikuteteza mbewu ndi mbande zomwe zamera. Pamene chiŵerengero chosakanikirana cha acetamiprid ndi fipronil chinali 1:10, kulamulira mogwirizana kwa ntchentche zapakhomo zomwe sizimamwa mankhwala kunali kofunika kwambiri.
Mwachidule, mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa heterocyclic pesticide compound makamaka ndi fungicides, kuphatikizapo pyridines, pyrroles ndi pyrazoles. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulimi kuti aphimbe mbewu, kukulitsa kumera kwa mbewu, komanso kuchepetsa tizilombo ndi matenda. Ndi otetezeka ku mbewu ndi zamoyo zomwe sizili m'gulu la ziweto. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa heterocyclic pesticides, monga mankhwala ophatikizika oletsa ndi kuwongolera tizilombo ndi matenda, ali ndi gawo labwino polimbikitsa chitukuko cha ulimi wobiriwira, kusonyeza ubwino wosunga nthawi, ntchito, ndalama komanso kukulitsa kupanga.
8 Kupita patsogolo pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi maantibayotiki a zaulimi
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi maantibayotiki a zaulimi amachedwa kugwira ntchito, amakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa, ndipo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe. Mwa kuphatikiza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yogwirizana, kukulitsa mphamvu yolamulira, komanso kukulitsa mphamvu ndikuwonjezera kukhazikika. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pa Gome 3 kuti kuphatikiza kwa imidacloprid ndi Beauveria bassiana kapena Metarhizium anisopliae kunawonjezera mphamvu yopha tizilombo ndi 60.0% ndi 50.6% motsatana pambuyo pa maola 96 poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Beauveria bassiana ndi Metarhizium anisopliae yokha. Kuphatikiza kwa thiamethoxam ndi Metarhizium anisopliae kumatha kuwonjezera bwino imfa yonse komanso kuchuluka kwa matenda a bowa a mphutsi. Chachiwiri, kuphatikiza kwa imidacloprid ndi Metarhizium anisopliae kunali ndi mphamvu yayikulu yogwirizana pakulamulira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa bowa conidia kunachepetsedwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito imidacloprid ndi nematode mosakanikirana kungawonjezere kuchuluka kwa matenda a ntchentche zam'madzi, motero kumawonjezera kupirira kwawo m'munda komanso kuthekera kwawo kolamulira zamoyo. Kugwiritsa ntchito pamodzi mankhwala ophera tizilombo 7 a neonicotinoid ndi oxymatrine kunathandiza kwambiri pa mpunga, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient inali 123.2-173.0. Kuphatikiza apo, co-toxicity coefficient ya clothianidin ndi abamectin mu 4:1 osakaniza ndi Bemisia tabaci inali 171.3, ndipo mgwirizano unali wofunikira. Pamene chiŵerengero cha nitenpyram ndi abamectin chinali 1:4, mphamvu yolamulira pa N. lugens kwa masiku 7 ikhoza kufika 93.1%. Pamene chiŵerengero cha clothianidin ndi spinosad chinali 5∶44, mphamvu yolamulira inali yabwino kwambiri motsutsana ndi akuluakulu a B. citricarpa, yokhala ndi co-toxicity coefficient ya 169.8, ndipo palibe kusinthana pakati pa spinosad ndi neonicotinoids ambiri kunawonetsedwa Kulimbana, kuphatikiza ndi mphamvu yabwino yolamulira.
Kulamulira pamodzi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi malo ofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa ulimi wobiriwira. Common Beauveria bassiana ndi Metarhizium anisopliae zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zowongolera mogwirizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mankhwala amodzi achilengedwe amakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi nyengo, ndipo mphamvu yake siili yokhazikika. Kuphatikiza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid kumathetsa vutoli. Ngakhale kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kumatsimikizira kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito mwachangu komanso mokhalitsa. Kupewa ndi kulamulira kwawonjezeka, ndipo vuto la chilengedwe lachepetsedwa. Kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumapereka lingaliro latsopano pakupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo obiriwira, ndipo chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito ndi chachikulu.
9 Kupita patsogolo pa kuphatikiza mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo
Kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo kunawonetsanso zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zowongolera. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pa Gome 3 kuti pamene imidacloprid ndi thiamethoxam zinaphatikizidwa ndi tebuconazole ngati mankhwala ochiritsira mbewu, zotsatira zake zowongolera pa aphid ya tirigu zinali zabwino kwambiri, komanso zosakhudzana ndi Biosafety pomwe zikukweza kuchuluka kwa kumera kwa mbewu. Kukonzekera kwa imidacloprid, triazolone ndi dinconazole kunawonetsa zotsatira zabwino pakulamulira matenda a tirigu ndi tizilombo toononga. % ～99.1%. Kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ndi syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zogwirizanitsa pa aphid ya thonje. Pamene chiŵerengero cha thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram ndi penpyramid chili 50:1-1:50, co-toxicity coefficient ndi 129.0-186.0, zomwe zingalepheretse bwino ndikulamulira tizilombo toyamwa pakamwa. Pamene chiŵerengero cha epoxifen ndi phenoxycarb chinali 1:4, co-toxicity coefficient chinali 250.0, ndipo mphamvu yolamulira pa mpunga planthopper inali yabwino kwambiri. Kuphatikiza kwa imidacloprid ndi amitimidine kunali ndi mphamvu yoletsa aphid ya thonje, ndipo mphamvu yogwirizana inali yapamwamba kwambiri pamene imidacloprid inali mlingo wochepa kwambiri wa LC10. Pamene chiŵerengero cha thiamethoxam ndi spirotetramat chinali 10:30-30:10, co-toxicity coefficient chinali 109.8-246.5, ndipo panalibe mphamvu yowononga zomera. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a mineral oil greengrass, diatomaceous earth ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo kapena adjuvants ophatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid angathandizenso mphamvu yolamulira tizilombo tomwe tikufuna.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo pamodzi kumaphatikizapo ma triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidine, amitraz, quaternary keto acids, mafuta amchere ndi diatomaceous earth, ndi zina zotero. Pofufuza mankhwala ophera tizilombo, tiyenera kukhala tcheru ndi vuto la poizoni wa zomera ndi kuzindikira bwino momwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo imagwirira ntchito. Zitsanzo zophatikizana zimasonyezanso kuti mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo imatha kuwonjezeredwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, zomwe zimatipatsa njira zambiri zowongolera tizilombo.
10 Mapeto ndi Chiyembekezo
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid kwachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tichuluke kwambiri, ndipo mavuto awo pa chilengedwe komanso zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pa thanzi la anthu akhala malo ofufuzira komanso mavuto omwe akuchitika panopa. Kuphatikiza mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo kapena kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yochepetsera kukana mankhwala, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu, komanso njira yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo amenewa pa ulimi weniweni. Pepalali likuwunikanso momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid amapitira patsogolo pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizana ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo limafotokoza ubwino wophatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo: ① kuchepetsa kukana mankhwala; ② kusintha mphamvu yolamulira; ③ kukulitsa mphamvu yolamulira; ④ kuwonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito; ⑤ kusintha mphamvu yofulumira ⑥ Kulamulira kukula kwa mbewu; ⑦ Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo; ⑧ Kuwongolera zoopsa zachilengedwe; ⑨ Kuchepetsa ndalama; ⑩ Kuwongolera mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Nthawi yomweyo, chisamaliro chachikulu chiyenera kuperekedwa pa kufalikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makamaka chitetezo cha zamoyo zomwe sizili m'gulu la tizilombo (monga adani achilengedwe a tizilombo) ndi mbewu zodziwika bwino pazigawo zosiyanasiyana zokulira, komanso nkhani zasayansi monga kusiyana kwa zotsatira zowongolera zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa makhalidwe a mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo achikhalidwe kumatenga nthawi yambiri komanso kumafuna ntchito yambiri, ndi ndalama zambiri komanso nthawi yayitali yofufuza ndi chitukuko. Monga njira ina yothandiza, kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mwanzeru, mwasayansi komanso mokhazikika sikuti kumangowonjezera nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso kumalimbikitsa nthawi yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kukula kokhazikika kwa chilengedwe kumapereka chithandizo champhamvu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-23-2022