Monga chitsimikizo chofunikira cha mbewu zokhazikika komanso zokulirapo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito yosasinthika pothana ndi tizirombo.Neonicotinoids ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi.Adalembetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ku China komanso mayiko opitilira 120 kuphatikiza European Union, United States, ndi Canada.Gawo la msika limakhala loposa 25% yapadziko lonse lapansi.Imawongolera mwachisawawa nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) mu dongosolo lamanjenje la tizilombo, imayimitsa dongosolo lapakati lamanjenje ndikuyambitsa kufa kwa tizilombo, ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu zowongolera bwino pa Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, komanso tizirombo tolimbana ndi tizirombo.Pofika Seputembara 2021, pali mankhwala ophera tizilombo 12 omwe adalembetsedwa m'dziko langa, omwe ndi imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Pali mitundu yopitilira 3,400 ya mankhwala a piperoloprine, chloroprodcycloprine, flueroloprine, ndi flufenamid imodzi , pakati pawo kukonzekera kwapawiri kumakhala kopitilira 31%.Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram ndi zina zotero.
Ndi kuchulukitsa kwachulukidwe kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid m'malo azaulimi, zovuta zingapo zasayansi monga kukana chandamale, zoopsa zachilengedwe, komanso thanzi la anthu zadziwikanso.Mu 2018, chiwerengero cha nsabwe za m'munda wa thonje m'chigawo cha Xinjiang chinayamba kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, omwe kukana kwa imidacloprid, acetamiprid ndi thiamethoxam kunakwera ndi 85.2-412 ndi 221-777, motsatana ndi 1,295 mpaka 1,295. .Kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wokhudzana ndi kukana kwa mankhwala kwa anthu amtundu wa Bemisia tabaci adanenanso kuti kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2010, Bemisia tabaci adawonetsa kukana kwambiri ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, makamaka imidacloprid ndi thiacloprid.Kachiwiri, neonicotinoid tizilombo osati kwambiri kwambiri kachulukidwe anthu, kudyetsa khalidwe, okhudza malo mphamvu ndi thermoregulation njuchi, komanso kwambiri zoipa zotsatira pa chitukuko ndi kubalana wa earthworms.Kuonjezera apo, kuyambira 1994 mpaka 2011, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid mumkodzo waumunthu kunakula kwambiri, kusonyeza kuti kudya mosadziwika bwino komanso kudzikundikira kwa mankhwala a neonicotinoid kumawonjezeka chaka ndi chaka.Kupyolera mu microdialysis mu ubongo wa makoswe, zinapezeka kuti clothianidin ndi thiamethoxam kupanikizika kungapangitse kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine mu makoswe, ndipo thiacloprid ingapangitse kuwonjezeka kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro mu plasma ya makoswe.Amadziwika kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid amatha kukhudza kuyamwitsa Kuwonongeka kwamanjenje ndi machitidwe a endocrine a nyama.Kafukufuku wamtundu wa m'mafupa a mafupa a mesenchymal stem cell adatsimikizira kuti nitenpyram imatha kuwononga DNA ndi kusokonezeka kwa chromosomal, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitundu yambiri ya okosijeni ichuluke, zomwe zimakhudzanso kusiyana kwa osteogenic.Kutengera izi, bungwe la Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) linayambitsanso njira yowunikanso mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, ndipo European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) idaletsanso ndikuletsa imidacloprid, thiamethoxam ndi clothianidin.
Kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo osiyanasiyana sikungangochedwetsa kukana kwa chinthu chimodzi cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kukhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe, kupereka chiyembekezo chachikulu cha kuchepetsa mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa asayansi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mokhazikika.Choncho, pepalali cholinga chake ndi kufotokoza kafukufuku wa kuphatikizika kwa neonicotinoid mankhwala ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo amene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni ulimi ulimi, kuphimba organophosphorus mankhwala, carbamate mankhwala, pyrethroids Kuti apereke umboni wa sayansi kwa ntchito zomveka ndi kasamalidwe kabwino wa neonicotinoid. mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
1 Kupita patsogolo pakuphatikizana ndi mankhwala a organophosphorus
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Organophosphorus ndi mankhwala ophera tizirombo koyambirira m'dziko lathu.Amalepheretsa ntchito ya acetylcholinesterase ndipo amakhudza ma neurotransmission wamba, zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa tizirombo.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Organophosphorus amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yotsalira, ndipo zovuta za kawopsedwe kachilengedwe komanso chitetezo cha anthu ndi nyama ndizodziwika bwino.Kuwaphatikiza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid kumatha kuchepetsa mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa asayansi.Pamene chiŵerengero cha imidacloprid ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus malathion, chlorpyrifos ndi phoxim ndi 1:40-1:5, mphamvu zowononga mphutsi za leek zimakhala bwino, ndipo coefficient ya co-toxicity imatha kufika 122.6-338.6 (onani Table 1)..Pakati pawo, mphamvu yakuwongolera kumunda kwa imidacloprid ndi phoxim pa nsabwe za m'masamba ndizokwera 90.7% mpaka 95.3%, ndipo nthawi yogwira ntchito ndi yopitilira miyezi 7.Pa nthawi yomweyi, kukonzekera kwapawiri kwa imidacloprid ndi phoxim (dzina la malonda la Diphimide) linagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 900 g / hm2, ndipo mphamvu yolamulira pa nsabwe za m'mawere mu nthawi yonse ya kukula inali yoposa 90%.Kukonzekera kwapawiri kwa thiamethoxam, acephate ndi chlorpyrifos kuli ndi ntchito yabwino yophera tizilombo motsutsana ndi kabichi, ndipo coefficient ya co-toxicity imafika 131.1 mpaka 459.0.Kuonjezera apo, pamene chiŵerengero cha thiamethoxam ndi chlorpyrifos chinali 1: 16, chiwerengero cha theka (LC50 value) cha S. striatellus chinali 8.0 mg / L, ndipo coefficient co-toxicity inali 201.12;Zabwino kwambiri.Pamene chiŵerengero cha nitenpyram ndi chlorpyrifos chinali 1∶30, chinali ndi zotsatira zabwino za synergistic kulamulira planthopper yoyera, ndipo mtengo wa LC50 unali 1.3 mg/L yokha.Kuphatikiza kwa cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, ndi dichlorvos kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pakuwongolera nsabwe za m'mbewu za tirigu, bollworm ndi utitiri, ndipo coefficient ya co-toxicity ndi 134.0-280.0.Pamene fluoropyranone ndi phoxim zinasakanizidwa mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 4, co-toxicity coefficient inali 176.8, zomwe zinasonyeza kuti zikugwirizana ndi kulamulira kwa mphutsi za leek zaka 4.
Mwachidule, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus monga malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, ndi zina zotero.Ndibwino kuti mupitirize kukhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, phoxim ndi malathion, komanso kulimbikitsa ubwino wa mankhwala a pawiri.
2 Kupita patsogolo pakuphatikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a carbamate
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Carbamate amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri paulimi, nkhalango, ndi kuweta nyama poletsa ntchito za tizilombo ta acetylcholinease ndi carboxylesterase, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti acetylcholine ndi carboxylesterase azipha komanso kupha tizilombo.Nthawiyi ndi yaifupi, ndipo vuto la kukana tizilombo ndi lalikulu.Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a carbamate imatha kukulitsidwa pophatikizana ndi mankhwala a neonicotinoid.Pamene imidacloprid ndi isoprocarb zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira planthopper yozungulira yoyera pa chiŵerengero cha 7:400, coefficient co-toxicity inafika pamwamba kwambiri, yomwe inali 638.1 (onani Table 1).Pamene chiŵerengero cha imidacloprid ndi iprocarb chinali 1∶16, zotsatira za kulamulira mbewu za mpunga zinali zoonekeratu, co-toxicity coefficient inali 178.1, ndipo nthawi yogwira ntchito inali yaitali kuposa ya mlingo umodzi.Kafukufukuyu adawonetsanso kuti kuyimitsidwa kwa 13% kwa microencapsulated kwa thiamethoxam ndi carbosulfan kunali ndi mphamvu yowongolera komanso chitetezo pa nsabwe za m'munda m'munda.d chawonjezeka kuchoka pa 97.7% kufika pa 98.6%.Pambuyo 48% acetamiprid ndi carbosulfan dispersible mafuta kuyimitsidwa anayikidwa pa 36 ~ 60 g ai/hm2, mphamvu kulamulira thonje nsabwe za m'masamba anali 87.1% ~ 96.9%, ndipo nthawi yogwira akhoza kufika masiku 14, ndipo thonje Aphid adani zachilengedwe ndi otetezeka. .
Kufotokozera mwachidule, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi isoprocarb, carbosulfan, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingachedwetse kukana kwa tizirombo monga Bemisia tabaci ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, ndipo zimatha kutalikitsa nthawi ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo., mphamvu yolamulira ya kukonzekera kophatikizana ndi yabwino kwambiri kuposa ya wothandizira mmodzi, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga ulimi weniweni.Komabe, m'pofunika kukhala tcheru ku carbosulfur, mankhwala owonongeka a carbosulfan, omwe ali oopsa kwambiri ndipo amaletsedwa kulima masamba.
3 Kupita patsogolo pakuphatikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid amayambitsa vuto la neurotransmission pokhudza njira za sodium ion mu nembanemba ya minyewa, zomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwa tizirombo.Chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri, mphamvu ya detoxification ndi kagayidwe kake ka tizirombo zimakula, chidwi chazomwe timafuna chimachepa, ndipo kukana mankhwala kumapangidwa mosavuta.Table 1 ikuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa imidacloprid ndi fenvalerate kumawongolera bwino nsabwe za m'mbatata, ndipo coefficient ya co-toxicity ya 2: 3 imafika 276,8.Kukonzekera kwapawiri kwa imidacloprid, thiamethoxam ndi etherethrin ndi njira yothandiza kupewa kusefukira kwa mbewu za brown planthopper, momwe imidacloprid ndi etherethrin zimasakanikirana bwino mu chiŵerengero cha 5:1, thiamethoxam ndi etherethrin mu chiŵerengero cha 7:1 Kusakanizako ndi zabwino kwambiri, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient ndi 174.3-188.7.Kuyimitsidwa kwa microcapsule ya 13% thiamethoxam ndi 9% beta-cyhalothrin kumakhala ndi mphamvu yolumikizirana, ndipo coefficient ya co-toxicity ndi 232, yomwe ili mumtundu wa 123.6- M'kati mwa 169.5 g/hm2, mphamvu yowongolera pa Nsabwe za fodya zimatha kufika 90%, ndipo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo towononga tizilombo.Pamene clothianidin ndi beta-cyhalothrin zidaphatikizidwa pa chiŵerengero cha 1: 9, coefficient co-toxicity kwa utitiri kachilomboka anali apamwamba (210.5), zomwe zinachedwetsa kuchitika kwa clothianidin kukana.Pamene ziŵerengero za acetamiprid ndi bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin ndi fenvalerate zinali 1:2, 1:4 ndi 1:4, coefficient ya co-toxicity inali yapamwamba kwambiri, kuyambira 409.0 mpaka 630.6.Pamene ziwerengero za thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin zonse zinali 5:1, coefficients co-toxicity anali 414.0 ndi 706.0, motsatana, ndipo kuwongolera kophatikizana kwa nsabwe za m'masamba kunali kofunikira kwambiri.Mphamvu yowongolera ya clothianidin ndi beta-cyhalothrin osakaniza (LC50 mtengo 1.4-4.1 mg/L) pa vwende nsabwe za m'masamba zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa za wothandizira mmodzi (LC50 mtengo 42.7 mg/L), ndi kuwongolera patatha masiku 7 mutalandira chithandizo. kuposa 92%.
Pakali pano, pawiri luso la neonicotinoid mankhwala ndi pyrethroid mankhwala ndi okhwima, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupewa ndi kulamulira matenda ndi tizilombo tizirombo m'dziko langa, amene akuchedwa chandamale kukana kwa pyrethroid mankhwala ndi kuchepetsa neonicotinoid mankhwala.chiwopsezo chotsalira komanso chosafuna kutsata.Komanso, ophatikizana ntchito neonicotinoid tizilombo ndi deltamethrin, butoxide, etc. angathe kulamulira Aedes aegypti ndi Anopheles gambiae, amene kugonjetsedwa ndi pyrethroid mankhwala, ndi kupereka malangizo kwa kupewa ndi kulamulira ukhondo tizirombo padziko lonse.tanthauzo.
4 Kupita patsogolo pakuphatikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo amide
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Amide amalepheretsa kwambiri zolandilira nsomba za nitin za tizilombo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tipitirire kuumitsa ndi kuumitsa minofu ndi kufa.Kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ndi kuphatikiza kwawo kumatha kuchepetsa kukana kwa tizirombo ndikutalikitsa moyo wawo.Pofuna kuthana ndi tizirombo tofuna kuwononga, co-toxicity coefficient inali 121.0 mpaka 183.0 (onani Gulu 2).Pamene thiamethoxam ndi chlorantraniliprole zinasakanizidwa ndi 15∶11 kuti athetse mphutsi za B. citricarpa, coefficient ya co-toxicity yapamwamba kwambiri inali 157.9;thiamethoxam, clothianidin ndi nitenpyram zinasakanizidwa ndi snailamide Pamene chiŵerengero chinali 10: 1, co-toxicity coefficient inafika pa 170.2-194.1, ndipo pamene chiŵerengero cha dinotefuran ndi spirulina chinali 1: 1, coefficient co-toxicity inali yapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu yolamulira pa N. lugens inali yodabwitsa.Pamene ma ratios a imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran ndi sflufenamid anali 5: 1, 5: 1, 1: 5 ndi 10: 1, motero, mphamvu yolamulira inali yabwino kwambiri, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient inali yabwino kwambiri.Iwo anali 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 ndi 403.8, motsatira.The ulamuliro zotsatira motsutsana thonje nsabwe za m'masamba (masiku 7) akhoza kufika 92,4% kuti 98.1%, ndi zotsatira ulamuliro motsutsana diamondback njenjete (masiku 7) akhoza kufika 91,9% kuti 96,8%, ndi kuthekera ntchito anali yaikulu.
Pomaliza, kuphatikiza kwa neonicotinoid ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo amide sikungochepetsa kukana kwa mankhwala owononga tizirombo, komanso kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kumachepetsa mtengo wachuma, komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko chogwirizana ndi chilengedwe.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Amide ndi odziwika bwino pakuwongolera tizilombo tolimbana ndi tizirombo, ndipo amakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino m'malo mwa mankhwala ena omwe ali ndi poizoni wambiri komanso nthawi yayitali yotsalira.Gawo la msika likuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ali ndi chiyembekezo chokulirapo pazaulimi weniweni.
5 Kupita patsogolo pakuphatikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a benzoylurea
Benzoylurea insecticides ndi chitinase synthesis inhibitors, omwe amawononga tizirombo pokhudza kukula kwawo.Sikophweka kupanga kulimbana ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo imatha kuwongolera tizirombo tomwe timalimbana ndi organophosphorus ndi pyrethroid.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala a neonicotinoid.Zitha kuwonedwa kuchokera ku Table 2: kuphatikiza kwa imidacloprid, thiamethoxam ndi diflubenzuron kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino za synergistic pakuwongolera mphutsi za leek, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zabwino kwambiri pamene thiamethoxam ndi diflubenzuron zimaphatikizidwa pa 5: 1.Poizoniyo ndi yokwera mpaka 207.4.Pamene chiŵerengero chosakanikirana cha clothianidin ndi flufenoxuron chinali 2: 1, co-toxicity coefficient motsutsana ndi mphutsi za leek mphutsi zinali 176.5, ndipo mphamvu yolamulira m'munda inafika 94.4%.Kuphatikiza kwa cyclofenapyr ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo a benzoylurea monga polyflubenzuron ndi flufenoxuron ali ndi mphamvu yowongolera pa diamondback njenjete ndi njenjete ya masamba a mpunga, yokhala ndi coefficient of toxicity ya 100,7 mpaka 228.9, yomwe imatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Poyerekeza ndi organophosphorus ndi pyrethroid mankhwala, ophatikizana ntchito neonicotinoid mankhwala ndi benzoylurea mankhwala ophera tizilombo timagwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro lachitukuko la obiriwira mankhwala ophera tizilombo, amene mogwira kukulitsa ulamuliro sipekitiramu ndi kuchepetsa athandizira wa mankhwala.Malo okhala zachilengedwe nawonso ali otetezeka.
6 Kupita patsogolo pakuphatikizana ndi mankhwala a necrotoxin
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neretoxin ndi nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, omwe amatha kuyambitsa poizoni wa tizilombo ndi kufa poletsa kufalikira kwabwino kwa ma neurotransmitters.Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, palibe kuyamwa kwadongosolo komanso kufukiza, ndikosavuta kukulitsa kukana.Kuwongolera kwa nsonga za mpunga ndi tri stem borer zomwe zayamba kukana pophatikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ndizabwino.Table 2 ikunena: pamene imidacloprid ndi insecticidal single zimaphatikizidwa mu chiŵerengero cha 2:68, mphamvu yolamulira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Diploxin ndi yabwino kwambiri, ndipo co-toxicity coefficient ndi 146.7.Pamene chiŵerengero cha thiamethoxam ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo limodzi ndi 1: 1, pamakhala kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa nsabwe za m'masamba, ndipo coefficient ya co-toxicity ndi 214.2.Mphamvu yowongolera ya 40% thiamethoxam·insecticide single suspension agent ikadali yokwera ngati tsiku la 15 93.0%～97.0%, zotsatira zokhalitsa, komanso zotetezeka kukukula kwa chimanga.The 50% imidacloprid·insecticide mphete sungunuka ufa ali kwambiri ulamuliro zotsatira pa apulo golide mizere njenjete, ndi ulamuliro zotsatira ndi mkulu monga 79.8% kuti 91.7% 15 patatha masiku tizilombo pachimake.
Monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapangidwa ndi dziko langa, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amamva udzu, omwe amalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumlingo wina.Kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a necrotoxin ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid kumapereka njira zowongolera zothana ndi tizirombo tomwe timakonda pakupanga kwenikweni, komanso ndi njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito paulendo wachitukuko wa kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala.
7 Kupita patsogolo pakuphatikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a heterocyclic
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Heterocyclic ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso ambiri mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pazaulimi, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yotsalira m'chilengedwe ndipo ndi ovuta kuwononga.Kuphatikizika ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid kumatha kuchepetsa mlingo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a heterocyclic ndikuchepetsa phytotoxicity, komanso kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala ocheperako kumatha kuthandizira kwambiri.Zitha kuwonedwa kuchokera ku Table 3: pamene chiwerengero cha imidacloprid ndi pymetrozine ndi 1: 3, co-toxicity coefficient ikufika pamwamba pa 616.2;Kuwongolera kwa Planthopper ndikochita mwachangu komanso kokhalitsa.Imidacloprid, dinotefuran ndi thiacloprid anaphatikizidwa ndi mesylconazole motsatana kuti athetse mphutsi za chikumbu chachikulu chakuda, mphutsi za cutworm yaing'ono, ndi kachilomboka.Thiacloprid, nitenpyram ndi chlorothiline adaphatikizidwa motsatana ndi Kuphatikiza kwa mesylconazole kumakhudza kwambiri ma psyllids a citrus.Kuphatikizika kwa 7 neonicotinoid insecticide monga imidacloprid, thiamethoxam ndi chlorfenapyr kunakhudza kwambiri kuwongolera mphutsi za leek.Pamene chiŵerengero chophatikizika cha thiamethoxam ndi fipronil ndi 2:1-71:1, coefficient co-toxicity ndi 152.2-519.2, thiamethoxam ndi chlorfenapyr ndi 217:1, ndipo coefficient ya co-toxicity ndi 857.4, imakhala yoonekeratu. kulamulira chiswe.Kuphatikizika kwa thiamethoxam ndi fipronil ngati mankhwala ophera mbewu kungathe kuchepetsa kuchulukana kwa tizirombo ta tirigu m'munda ndikuteteza mbewu ndi mbande zomwe zamera.Pamene chiŵerengero chosakanikirana cha acetamiprid ndi fipronil chinali 1:10, kulamulira kogwirizana kwa ntchentche zosamva mankhwala kunali kofunika kwambiri.
Mwachidule, mankhwala a heterocyclic mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakhala makamaka fungicides, kuphatikiza pyridines, pyrroles ndi pyrazoles.Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazaulimi kuvala mbewu, kukonza kameredwe, komanso kuchepetsa tizirombo ndi matenda.Ndiotetezeka ku mbewu komanso zamoyo zomwe sizomwe mukufuna.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Heterocyclic, monga kukonzekera kophatikizana popewa komanso kupewa tizirombo ndi matenda, ali ndi gawo labwino pakulimbikitsa chitukuko cha ulimi wobiriwira, kuwonetsa ubwino wopulumutsa nthawi, ntchito, chuma ndi kuonjezera kupanga.
8 Kupita patsogolo pakuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso maantibayotiki aulimi
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi maantibayotiki aulimi amachedwa kugwira ntchito, amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali, ndipo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe.Pophatikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, amatha kusewera bwino, kukulitsa mawonekedwe owongolera, komanso kutalikitsa mphamvu ndikuwongolera kukhazikika.Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku Table 3 kuti kuphatikiza kwa imidacloprid ndi Beauveria bassiana kapena Metarhizium anisopliae kumawonjezera ntchito yophera tizilombo ndi 60.0% ndi 50.6% motsatira pambuyo pa 96 h poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Beauveria bassiana ndi Metarhizium anisopliae yokha.Kuphatikizika kwa thiamethoxam ndi Metarhizium anisopliae kungathe kuonjezera imfa ndi matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi a nsikidzi.Chachiwiri, kuphatikiza kwa imidacloprid ndi Metarhizium anisopliae kunali kothandiza kwambiri pakuwongolera kachilomboka kokhala ndi nyanga zazitali, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa fungal conidia kunachepetsedwa.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosakanikirana kwa imidacloprid ndi nematodes kungathe kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, potero kumapangitsa kuti ntchito zawo zikhale zolimba komanso zowononga tizilombo.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kophatikizana kwa 7 neonicotinoid mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi oxymatrine kunali ndi zotsatira zabwino zowongolera pa phula la mpunga, ndipo coefficient ya co-toxicity inali 123.2-173.0.Kuphatikiza apo, coefficient ya co-toxicity ya clothianidin ndi abamectin mu 4: 1 osakaniza ku Bemisia tabaci inali 171.3, ndipo mgwirizano unali wofunikira.Pamene chiŵerengero cha nitenpyram ndi abamectin chinali 1: 4, mphamvu yolamulira pa N. lugens kwa masiku 7 ikhoza kufika 93.1%.Pamene chiŵerengero cha clothianidin ndi spinosad chinali 5∶44, mphamvu yolamulira inali yabwino kwambiri motsutsana ndi akuluakulu a B. citricarpa, ndi coefficient coefficient of 169.8, ndipo palibe crossover pakati pa spinosad ndi neonicotinoids yambiri yomwe inasonyezedwa Kugonjetsedwa, kuphatikizapo kulamulira bwino. .
Kuwongolera kophatikizana kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikofala kwambiri pakukula kwa ulimi wobiriwira.Common Beauveria bassiana ndi Metarhizium anisopliae ali ndi zotsatira zabwino zowongolera ndi mankhwala.Kachilombo kamodzi kachilengedwe kamakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi nyengo, ndipo mphamvu yake ndi yosakhazikika.Kuphatikiza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid kumathetsa vuto ili.Ngakhale kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala opangira mankhwala, kumatsimikizira zotsatira zofulumira komanso zokhalitsa za kukonzekera kophatikizana.Njira yopewera ndi kuwongolera yakulitsidwa, ndipo zolemetsa zachilengedwe zachepetsedwa.Kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumapereka lingaliro latsopano pakupanga mankhwala obiriwira obiriwira, ndipo chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito ndi chachikulu.
9 Kupita patsogolo pakuphatikizana ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo
Kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo kunawonetsanso zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zowongolera.Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku Table 3 kuti pamene imidacloprid ndi thiamethoxam zinaphatikizidwa ndi tebuconazole monga mankhwala ochizira mbewu, zotsatira zowononga nsabwe za tirigu zinali zabwino kwambiri, komanso zopanda cholinga cha Biosafety pamene zikuwongolera kumera kwa mbeu.The pawiri yokonza imidacloprid, triazolone ndi dinconazole anasonyeza zotsatira zabwino kulamulira matenda a tirigu ndi tizilombo tizirombo.%% -99.1%.Kuphatikiza kwa neonicotinoid insecticide ndi syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) kumakhala ndi mgwirizano wowonekera pa thonje aphid.Pamene kuchuluka kwa thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram ndi penpyramid ndi 50:1-1:50, coefficient ya co-toxicity ndi 129.0-186.0, yomwe imatha kuteteza ndikuwongolera tizilombo tobaya pakamwa.Pamene chiŵerengero cha epoxifen ndi phenoxycarb chinali 1:4, co-toxicity coefficient inali 250.0, ndipo mphamvu yolamulira pa planthopper ya mpunga inali yabwino kwambiri.Kuphatikizika kwa imidacloprid ndi amitimidine kunali ndi zotsatira zodziwikiratu zoletsa nsabwe za thonje, ndipo kuchuluka kwa synergy kunali kokwezeka kwambiri pamene imidacloprid inali mlingo wotsikitsitsa wa LC10.Pamene chiŵerengero cha thiamethoxam ndi spirotetramat chinali 10: 30-30: 10, coefficient ya co-toxicity inali 109.8-246.5, ndipo panalibe zotsatira za phytotoxic.Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amafuta obiriwira obiriwira, dziko la diatomaceous ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo kapena othandizira kuphatikiza ndi neonicotinoid mankhwala amathanso kusintha kuwongolera kwa tizirombo.
Pawiri ntchito mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo makamaka triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidines, amitraz, quaternary keto zidulo, mchere mafuta ndi diatomaceous lapansi, etc. Pamene kuwunika mankhwala, tiyenera kukhala tcheru ku vuto la phytotoxicity ndi bwino kuzindikira zochita pakati zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Zitsanzo zowonjezereka zimasonyezanso kuti mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, kupereka njira zambiri zowononga tizilombo.
10 Mapeto ndi Mawonekedwe
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kofala kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid kwadzetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kukana kwa tizirombo tomwe timakonda, ndipo kuwonongeka kwawo kwachilengedwe komanso kuwopsa kwa thanzi lakhala malo opezekapo pakufufuza komanso zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito.Kuphatikizika koyenera kwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo kapena kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yochepetsera kukana kwa mankhwala, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukulitsa luso, komanso njira yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito mosalekeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa ulimi weniweniwo.Pepalali likuwunikiranso momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid akuyendera limodzi ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala ophera tizirombo, ndikumveketsa bwino za ubwino wophatikiza mankhwala: ① kuchedwa kukana mankhwala;② kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito;③ kukulitsa kuwongolera sipekitiramu;④ kukulitsa nthawi yogwira ntchito;⑤ kuwongolera mwachangu ⑥ Kuwongolera kukula kwa mbewu;⑦ Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo;⑧ Kupititsa patsogolo kuopsa kwa chilengedwe;⑨ Kuchepetsa ndalama zachuma;⑩ Sinthani mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Nthawi yomweyo, chidwi chachikulu chiyenera kuperekedwa kwa kuphatikiza chilengedwe kukhudzana ndi formulations, makamaka chitetezo cha zamoyo sanali chandamale (mwachitsanzo, adani achilengedwe a tizirombo) ndi mbewu tcheru pa magawo osiyanasiyana kukula, komanso nkhani sayansi monga monga kusiyana kwa kuwongolera zotsatira zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mankhwala a mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo achikhalidwe kumatenga nthawi komanso kumagwira ntchito molimbika, ndi ndalama zambiri komanso kafukufuku wautali komanso chitukuko.Monga njira ina yothandiza, kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mwanzeru, kwasayansi komanso kokhazikika sikumangotalikitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso kumalimbikitsa kachitidwe kabwino ka kuwononga tizilombo.Chitukuko chokhazikika cha chilengedwe cha chilengedwe chimapereka chithandizo champhamvu.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-23-2022