Mitengo Yabwino Kwambiri Kubzala Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

Nature

Indoleacetic acid ndi organic zinthu. Zopangira zoyera ndi makhiristo amasamba opanda mtundu kapena ufa wa crystalline. Amasanduka duwa akayatsidwa ndi kuwala. Malo osungunuka 165-166 ℃(168-170 ℃). Kusungunuka mu anhydrous ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, sungunuka mu ether ndi acetone. Sasungunuke mu benzene, toluene, petulo ndi chloroform. Insoluble m'madzi, njira yake yamadzimadzi imatha kuwola ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet, koma imakhala yokhazikika pakuwala kowonekera. Mchere wa sodium ndi potaziyamu ndiwokhazikika kuposa asidi womwewo ndipo umasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi. Mosavuta decarboxylated ku 3-methylindole (skatine). Zili ndi mbali ziwiri zakumera, ndipo mbali zosiyanasiyana za mmera zimakhala ndi chidwi chosiyana, nthawi zambiri muzu ndi waukulu kuposa momwe mphukira imakulirakulira kuposa tsinde. Zomera zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi chidwi chosiyana ndi izo.

Njira yokonzekera

3-indole acetonitrile imapangidwa ndi zomwe indole, formaldehyde ndi potaziyamu cyanide pa 150 ℃, 0.9 ~ 1MPa, kenako hydrolyzed ndi potaziyamu hydroxide. Kapena ndi zomwe indole ndi glycolic acid. Mu 3L zosapanga dzimbiri autoclave, 270g (4.1mol) 85% potaziyamu hydroxide, 351g (3mol) indole anawonjezedwa, ndiyeno 360g (3.3mol) 70% hydroxy acetic acid amadzimadzi njira anawonjezera pang'onopang'ono. Kutentha kotsekedwa mpaka 250 ℃, kuyambitsa kwa 18h. Kuzizira mpaka pansi pa 50 ℃, onjezerani 500ml madzi, ndikugwedeza pa 100 ℃ kwa 30min kuti musungunuke potassium indole-3-acetate. Kuzizira mpaka 25 ℃, tsanulirani zinthu za autoclave m'madzi, ndikuwonjezera madzi mpaka voliyumu yonse ikhale 3L. Wosanjikiza wamadzimadzi adatengedwa ndi 500ml ethyl ether, acidified ndi hydrochloric acid pa 20-30 ℃, ndipo amapangidwa ndi indole-3-acetic acid. Sefa, sambani m'madzi ozizira, zouma kutali ndi kuwala, mankhwala 455-490g.

Kufunika kwa biochemical

Katundu

Mosavuta kuwola mu kuwala ndi mpweya, osati chokhalitsa yosungirako. Otetezeka kwa anthu ndi nyama. Kusungunuka m'madzi otentha, ethanol, acetone, ether ndi ethyl acetate, kusungunuka pang'ono m'madzi, benzene, chloroform; Ndiwokhazikika muzitsulo zamchere ndipo umayamba kusungunuka pang'ono 95% mowa ndikusungunula m'madzi pamlingo woyenerera pokonzekera ndi crystallization yoyera.

Gwiritsani ntchito

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholimbikitsira kukula kwa mbewu komanso kusanthula reagent. 3-indole acetic acid ndi zinthu zina za auxin monga 3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile ndi ascorbic acid zilipo mwachilengedwe. Kalambulabwalo wa 3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis muzomera ndi tryptophan. Ntchito yaikulu ya auxin ndikuwongolera kukula kwa zomera, osati kulimbikitsa kukula, komanso kulepheretsa kukula ndi kupanga ziwalo. Auxin si likupezeka mu ufulu boma mu maselo zomera, komanso lilipo mu womangidwa auxin amene mwamphamvu womangidwa kwa biopolymeric asidi, etc. Auxin komanso amapanga conjugations ndi zinthu zapadera, monga indole-acetyl asparagine, apentose indole-acetyl shuga, etc. Izi zikhoza kukhala njira yosungiramo ya auxin kuchotsa mu selo detoxification, komanso owonjezera toxin mu selo.

Zotsatira

Chomera auxin. Hormone yodziwika bwino yakukula kwachilengedwe muzomera ndi indoleacetic acid. Indoleacetic asidi akhoza kulimbikitsa mapangidwe pamwamba Mphukira mapeto a zomera mphukira, mphukira, mbande, etc. Kalambulabwalo wake ndi tryptophan. Indoleacetic acid ndikukula kwa hormone. Somatin ali ndi zambiri zokhudza thupi, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ndende yake. Kutsika pang'ono kumatha kulimbikitsa kukula, kukhazikika kwakukulu kumalepheretsa kukula komanso kupangitsa kuti mbewuyo kufa, kulepheretsa uku kumakhudzana ndi momwe kungapangitse mapangidwe a ethylene. Zotsatira zakuthupi za auxin zimawonetsedwa pamilingo iwiri. Pa mlingo wa ma cell, auxin ikhoza kulimbikitsa magawano a cambium; Kulimbikitsa kukula kwa maselo a nthambi ndikulepheretsa kukula kwa maselo a mizu; Limbikitsani kusiyanitsa kwa maselo a xylem ndi phloem, kulimbikitsa mizu yometa tsitsi ndikuwongolera callus morphogenesis. Pa chiwalo ndi mulingo wa mbewu yonse, auxin imagwira ntchito kuchokera pa mmera mpaka kukhwima kwa zipatso. Auxin ankalamulira mbande mesocotyl elongation ndi zopinga zofiira kuwala chopinga; Pamene indoleacetic acid imasamutsidwa kumunsi kwa nthambi, nthambi idzatulutsa geotropism. Phototropism imachitika pamene indoleacetic acid imasamutsidwa ku mbali yakumbuyo ya nthambi. Indoleacetic acid idayambitsa kulamulira kwakukulu. Kuchedwetsa kuphuka kwa masamba; Auxin ntchito masamba kuletsa abscission, pamene auxin ntchito proximal mapeto a abscission kulimbikitsa abscission. Auxin imalimbikitsa maluwa, imathandizira kukula kwa parthenocarpy, ndikuchedwetsa kucha kwa zipatso.

Ikani

Indoleacetic acid imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ambiri komanso ntchito zambiri, koma sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri chifukwa ndizosavuta kuzitsitsa mkati ndi kunja kwa mbewu. Poyambirira, adagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa parthenocarpous ndi zipatso za tomato. Pakuphukira, maluwawo adaviikidwa ndi madzi a 3000 mg/l kuti apange zipatso za phwetekere zopanda mbewu ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zipatso. Chimodzi mwazogwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba chinali kulimbikitsa mizu ya cuttings. Kuyika m'munsi mwa cuttings ndi 100 mpaka 1000 mg / l ya mankhwala akhoza kulimbikitsa mapangidwe adventitious mizu ya mtengo wa tiyi, chingamu, mtengo wa oak, metasequoia, tsabola ndi mbewu zina, ndikufulumizitsa kuchuluka kwa zakudya zopatsa thanzi. 1 ~ 10 mg/l indoleacetic acid ndi 10 mg/L oxamyline anagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa mizu ya mbande za mpunga. 25 mpaka 400 mg/l ya madzi kutsitsi chrysanthemum kamodzi (mu maola 9 photoperiod), akhoza ziletsa zikamera wa maluwa, kuchedwa maluwa. Kukula mu kuwala kwa dzuwa kwa 10 -5 mol / l ndende yopopera kamodzi, kumatha kuwonjezera maluwa achikazi. Kuchiza mbewu za beet kumathandizira kumera ndikuwonjezera zokolola za tuber ndi shuga.

Chiyambi cha auxin
Mawu Oyamba

Auxin (auxin) ndi kalasi ya mahomoni amkati omwe amakhala ndi mphete yonunkhira yopanda unsaturated ndi unyolo wa asidi acetic, chidule cha Chingerezi IAA, chofala padziko lonse lapansi, ndi indole acetic acid (IAA). Mu 1934, Guo Ge et al. adazindikira kuti indole acetic acid, chifukwa chake ndi chizolowezi kugwiritsa ntchito indole acetic acid ngati mawu ofanana ndi auxin. Auxin amapangidwa m'masamba ang'onoang'ono otalikirapo ndi apical meristem, ndipo amawunjikiridwa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi potengera mtunda wautali wa phloem. Mizu imatulutsanso auxin, yomwe imatengedwa kuchokera pansi kupita pamwamba. Auxin muzomera amapangidwa kuchokera ku tryptophan kudzera pamitundu yambiri. Njira yayikulu ndikudutsa indoleacetaldehyde. Indole acetaldehyde imatha kupangidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi deamination wa tryptophan kupita ku indole pyruvate kenako decarboxylated, kapena imatha kupangidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi deamination wa tryptophan kukhala tryptamine. Indole acetaldehyde kenako imasinthidwa kukhala indole acetic acid. Njira ina yotheka yopangira ndikusintha kwa tryptophan kuchoka ku indole acetonitrile kupita ku indole acetic acid. Indoleacetic acid imatha kutsekedwa pomanga ndi aspartic acid ku indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol ku indoleacetic acid kupita ku inositol, shuga ku glucoside, ndi mapuloteni ku indoleacetic acid-protein complex muzomera. Kumangidwa kwa indoleacetic acid nthawi zambiri kumakhala 50-90% ya indoleacetic acid muzomera, yomwe ingakhale mtundu wosungirako wa auxin muzomera. Indoleacetic acid imatha kuwonongeka chifukwa cha okosijeni wa indoleacetic acid, womwe umapezeka m'matenda a mbewu. Ma Auxins ali ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi thupi, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ndende yawo. Kutsika pang'ono kumatha kulimbikitsa kukula, kukhazikika kwakukulu kumalepheretsa kukula komanso kupangitsa kuti mbewuyo kufa, kulepheretsa uku kumakhudzana ndi momwe kungapangitse mapangidwe a ethylene. Zotsatira zakuthupi za auxin zimawonetsedwa pamilingo iwiri. Pa mlingo wa ma cell, auxin ikhoza kulimbikitsa magawano a cambium; Kulimbikitsa kukula kwa maselo a nthambi ndikulepheretsa kukula kwa maselo a mizu; Limbikitsani kusiyanitsa kwa maselo a xylem ndi phloem, kulimbikitsa mizu yometa tsitsi ndikuwongolera callus morphogenesis. Pa chiwalo ndi mulingo wa mbewu yonse, auxin imagwira ntchito kuchokera pa mmera mpaka kukhwima kwa zipatso. Auxin ankalamulira mbande mesocotyl elongation ndi zopinga zofiira kuwala chopinga; Pamene indoleacetic acid imasamutsidwa kumunsi kwa nthambi, nthambi idzatulutsa geotropism. Phototropism imachitika pamene indoleacetic acid imasamutsidwa ku mbali yakumbuyo ya nthambi. Indoleacetic acid idayambitsa kulamulira kwakukulu. Kuchedwetsa kuphuka kwa masamba; Auxin ntchito masamba kuletsa abscission, pamene auxin ntchito proximal mapeto a abscission kulimbikitsa abscission. Auxin imalimbikitsa maluwa, imathandizira kukula kwa parthenocarpy, ndikuchedwetsa kucha kwa zipatso. Wina adabwera ndi lingaliro la ma receptor a mahomoni. Cholandira cha hormone ndi gawo lalikulu la maselo omwe amamangiriza mwachindunji ku timadzi tating'onoting'ono ndikuyambitsa zochitika zingapo. Zovuta za indoleacetic acid ndi cholandirira zimakhala ndi zotsatira ziwiri: choyamba, zimagwira ntchito pamapuloteni a membrane, zomwe zimakhudza acidification yapakati, zoyendera pampu ya ion ndi kusintha kwamakanika, komwe kumachita mwachangu.<10 mphindi); Chachiwiri ndikuchitapo kanthu pa nucleic acid, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa khoma la cell ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni, zomwe zimachitika pang'onopang'ono (mphindi 10). Kuchuluka kwa acidity ndi gawo lofunikira pakukula kwa maselo. Indoleacetic acid imatha kuyambitsa puloteni ya ATP (adenosine triphosphate) pa membrane ya plasma, kulimbikitsa ayoni a haidrojeni kutuluka mu cell, kuchepetsa pH ya sing'anga, kuti puloteniyo iyambike, hydrolyze polysaccharide ya khoma la cell, kuti khoma la cell lifewetsedwe ndipo selo likulitsidwe. Kuwongolera kwa indoleacetic acid kudapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe a messenger RNA (mRNA), omwe adasintha kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni. Chithandizo cha Indoleacetic acid chinasinthanso kusungunuka kwa khoma la cell, kulola kuti kukula kwa maselo kupitirire. Kulimbikitsa kukula kwa auxin makamaka kulimbikitsa kukula kwa maselo, makamaka kutalika kwa ma cell, ndipo sikukhudza kugawanika kwa maselo. Gawo la chomera lomwe limamva kukondoweza kwa kuwala lili kumapeto kwa tsinde, koma gawo lopindika lili kumunsi kwa nsonga, chifukwa maselo omwe ali pansi pa nsonga amakula ndikukula, ndipo ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri ya auxin, kotero kuti auxin imakhudza kwambiri kukula kwake. Mahomoni okalamba akukula kwa minofu sikugwira ntchito. Chifukwa chomwe auxin imatha kulimbikitsa kukula kwa zipatso ndi mizu ya cuttings ndikuti auxin imatha kusintha kugawa kwa michere muzomera, ndipo zakudya zambiri zimapezedwa m'gawolo ndikugawa kwa auxin wolemera, ndikupanga malo ogawa. Auxin amatha kupanga tomato wopanda mbewu chifukwa atachiritsa masamba a phwetekere osabereka ndi auxin, ovary ya phwetekere masamba amakhala malo ogawa zakudya, ndipo michere yomwe imapangidwa ndi photosynthesis yamasamba imasamutsidwa kupita ku ovary, ndipo ovary imakula.

Mbadwo, mayendedwe ndi kugawa

Magawo akuluakulu a kaphatikizidwe ka auxin ndi minyewa yokhazikika, makamaka masamba achichepere, masamba, ndi mbewu zomwe zikukula. Auxin imagawidwa m'zigawo zonse za mmera, koma imakhazikika m'malo akukula mwamphamvu, monga coleopedia, masamba, mizu apex meristem, cambium, kukula kwa mbewu ndi zipatso. Pali njira zitatu zonyamulira auxin m'zomera: zoyendera zam'mbali, zoyendera polar ndi zoyendera zopanda polar. Kuyendera kwapambuyo (kutengera kuwala kwa auxin kunsonga kwa coleoptile komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwala kopanda malire, kunyamula pafupi ndi pansi kwa auxin mumizu ndi mapesi a zomera podutsa). Mayendedwe a polar (kuchokera kumapeto kwa morphology mpaka kumapeto kwa morphology). Zoyendera zopanda polar (mu minofu yokhwima, auxin imatha kuyendetsedwa mopanda polar kudzera mu phloem).

The wapawiri za zokhudza thupi kanthu

Kukhazikika kwapansi kumalimbikitsa kukula, ndende yayikulu imalepheretsa kukula. Ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za zomera zimakhala ndi zofunikira zosiyana kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu zokwanira za auxin. The momwe akadakwanitsira ndende anali za 10E-10mol/L kwa mizu, 10E-8mol/L masamba ndi 10E-5mol/L kwa zimayambira. Ma Auxin analogues (monga naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, etc.) amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kuti aziwongolera kukula kwa mbewu. Mwachitsanzo, nyemba zikamera, tsinde limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira mphukira za nyemba. Zotsatira zake, mizu ndi masamba zimaletsedwa, ndipo zimayambira kuchokera ku hypocotyl zimakula kwambiri. Ubwino wapamwamba wa kukula kwa tsinde la chomera umatsimikiziridwa ndi momwe zomera zimayendera za auxin komanso kuwirikiza kwa thupi la auxin. Apex bud of the plant tsinde ndiye gawo lomwe limagwira ntchito kwambiri popanga auxin, koma kuchuluka kwa auxin komwe kumapangidwa pamtengo wapamwamba kumasamutsidwa kupita ku tsinde kudzera pamayendedwe oyenda, kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa auxin mu apex bud sikukwera, pomwe ndende mu tsinde laling'ono ndilapamwamba. Ndi yabwino kwambiri pakukula kwa tsinde, koma imalepheretsa masamba. Kukwera kwa auxin pamalo omwe ali pafupi ndi mphukira yapamwamba, kumapangitsa kuti chiwopsezo cham'mbali chikhale cholimba, chifukwa chake zomera zambiri zazitali zimapanga mawonekedwe a pagoda. Komabe, si zomera zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo zitsamba zina zimayamba kuwonongeka kapena kufota pambuyo pa kukula kwa apex bud kwa nthawi, kutaya ulamuliro wapachiyambi, kotero kuti mawonekedwe a mtengo wa shrub si pagoda. Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa auxin kumakhala ndi zotsatira zolepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu, kupanga kuchuluka kwa ma auxin analogue kumatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera udzu, makamaka namsongole wa dicotyledonous.

Zofananira za Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D. Chifukwa auxin imapezeka pang'ono m'zomera, ndipo sikophweka kuisunga. Pofuna kulamulira kukula kwa zomera, pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, anthu apeza ma analogue auxin, omwe ali ndi zotsatira zofanana ndipo amatha kupangidwa mochuluka, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ulimi. Zotsatira za mphamvu yokoka padziko lapansi pa kugawa kwa auxin: kukula kwa maziko a tsinde ndi kukula kwa mizu kumayambitsidwa ndi mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi, chifukwa chake ndi chakuti mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi imayambitsa kugawidwa kosagwirizana kwa auxin, yomwe imagawidwa kwambiri pafupi ndi tsinde ndipo imagawidwa pang'ono kumbuyo. Chifukwa chakuti auxin yochuluka mu tsinde inali yochuluka, auxin yambiri pafupi ndi tsinde imalimbikitsa, kotero mbali yapafupi ya tsinde imakula mofulumira kusiyana ndi kumbuyo, ndikupangitsa kukula kwa tsinde. Kwa mizu, chifukwa mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa auxin mumizu ndi wotsika kwambiri, auxin yochulukirapo pafupi ndi pansi imakhala ndi cholepheretsa kukula kwa maselo a mizu, kotero kukula kwa pafupi ndi pansi kumakhala pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi kumbuyo, ndipo kukula kwa mizu kumasungidwa. Popanda mphamvu yokoka, mizu siyenera kumera pansi. Zotsatira za kusalemera kwa zomera pakukula kwa zomera: kukula kwa mizu yopita pansi ndi kukula kwa tsinde kutali ndi nthaka kumabwera chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi, yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kugawidwa kosiyana kwa auxin pansi pa kulowetsedwa kwa mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi. Mu malo opanda kulemera kwa danga, chifukwa cha kutaya mphamvu yokoka, kukula kwa tsinde kumataya kumbuyo kwake, ndipo mizu idzatayanso makhalidwe a kukula kwa nthaka. Komabe, ubwino wapamwamba wa kukula kwa tsinde udakalipo, ndipo kayendedwe ka polar kwa auxin sikukhudzidwa ndi mphamvu yokoka.