Mitengo Yabwino Kwambiri ya Hormone ya Zomera Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

Nature

Asidi ya Indoleacetic ndi chinthu chachilengedwe. Zinthu zoyera ndi makhiristo opanda mtundu kapena ufa wa kristalo. Amasanduka pinki akamaonekera pa kuwala. Malo osungunuka 165-166℃ (168-170℃). Amasungunuka mu anhydrous ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, amasungunuka mu ether ndi acetone. Sasungunuka mu benzene, toluene, petulo ndi chloroform. Sasungunuka m'madzi, madzi ake amatha kuwola ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet, koma amakhala olimba ku kuwala kooneka. Mchere wa sodium ndi mchere wa potaziyamu zimakhala zolimba kuposa asidi wokha ndipo zimasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi. Amachotsedwa mosavuta ku 3-methylindole (skatine). Ali ndi mawonekedwe awiri pakukula kwa zomera, ndipo magawo osiyanasiyana a chomera amakhala ndi mphamvu yosiyana nayo, nthawi zambiri muzu wake ndi waukulu kuposa momwe mphukira imakulira kuposa tsinde. Zomera zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mphamvu yosiyana nayo.

Njira yokonzekera

3-indole acetonitrile imapangidwa ndi momwe indole, formaldehyde ndi potassium cyanide zimachitikira pa 150℃, 0.9~1MPa, kenako zimasungunuka ndi potassium hydroxide. Kapena momwe indole imachitira ndi glycolic acid. Mu 3L stainless steel autoclave, 270g(4.1mol)85% potassium hydroxide, 351g(3mol) indole zinawonjezedwa, kenako 360g(3.3mol)70% hydroxyacetic acid aqueous solution inawonjezedwa pang'onopang'ono. Kutentha kunatsekedwa kufika pa 250℃, kusakaniza kwa maola 18. Kuziziritsa kufika pa 50℃, onjezerani madzi 500ml, ndikusakaniza pa 100℃ kwa mphindi 30 kuti musungunule potassium indole-3-acetate. Kuziziritsa kufika pa 25℃, kuthira zinthu za autoclave m'madzi, ndikuwonjezera madzi mpaka kuchuluka konse kufika pa 3L. Madzi oundanawo anachotsedwa ndi 500ml ethyl ether, kenako anawonjezeredwa asidi wa hydrochloric acid pa kutentha kwa 20-30℃, ndipo anasungunuka ndi indole-3-acetic acid. Sefa, tsukani m'madzi ozizira, pukutani kutali ndi kuwala, 455-490g.

Kufunika kwa biochemical

Katundu

Imasungunuka mosavuta mu kuwala ndi mpweya, si yokhazikika. Ndi yotetezeka kwa anthu ndi nyama. Imasungunuka m'madzi otentha, ethanol, acetone, ether ndi ethyl acetate, imasungunuka pang'ono m'madzi, benzene, chloroform; Ndi yokhazikika mu yankho la alkaline ndipo poyamba imasungunuka mu mowa wochepa wa 95% kenako imasungunuka m'madzi mpaka kuchuluka koyenera ikakonzedwa ndi crystallization ya chinthu choyera.

Gwiritsani ntchito

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kukula kwa zomera komanso chowunikira. 3-indole acetic acid ndi zinthu zina za auxin monga 3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile ndi ascorbic acid zimapezeka mwachilengedwe. Choyambitsa cha 3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis m'zomera ndi tryptophan. Ntchito yayikulu ya auxin ndikulamulira kukula kwa zomera, osati kungolimbikitsa kukula kokha, komanso kuletsa kukula ndi kumanga ziwalo. Auxin sikuti imangokhala mu free state m'maselo a zomera, komanso imapezeka mu bound auxin yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi biopolymeric acid, ndi zina zotero. Auxin imapanganso ma conjugations ndi zinthu zapadera, monga indole-acetyl asparagine, apentose indole-acetyl glucose, ndi zina zotero. Iyi ikhoza kukhala njira yosungira auxin mu selo, komanso njira yochotsera poizoni wa auxin wochulukirapo.

Zotsatira

Chomera cha auxin. Homoni yodziwika bwino yachilengedwe yomwe ikukula m'zomera ndi indoleacetic acid. Indoleacetic acid imatha kulimbikitsa kupangika kwa mphukira za zomera, mphukira, mbande, ndi zina zotero. Choyambirira chake ndi tryptophan. Indoleacetic acid ndihormone yokulira zomera. Somatin ili ndi zotsatira zambiri za thupi, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwake. Kuchuluka kochepa kungathandize kukula, kuchuluka kwambiri kumalepheretsa kukula komanso kupangitsa chomera kufa, kuletsa kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi ngati kungayambitse kupanga ethylene. Zotsatira za thupi za auxin zimawonekera pamlingo iwiri. Pa mulingo wa maselo, auxin imatha kulimbikitsa kugawikana kwa maselo a cambium; Kulimbikitsa kutalikitsa kwa maselo a nthambi ndikuletsa kukula kwa maselo a mizu; Kulimbikitsa kusiyana kwa maselo a xylem ndi phloem, kulimbikitsa mizu yodula tsitsi ndikulamulira morphogenesis ya callus. Pa mulingo wa chiwalo ndi chomera chonse, auxin imagwira ntchito kuyambira mbande mpaka kukhwima kwa zipatso. Kutalikitsa kwa mesocotyl kwa mbande ya Auxin ndi kuletsa kuwala kofiira kosinthika; Pamene indoleacetic acid isamutsidwira kumbali yapansi ya nthambi, nthambiyo imapanga geotropism. Phototropism imachitika pamene indoleacetic acid isamutsidwira kumbali yakumbuyo ya nthambi. Indoleacetic acid inayambitsa kulamulira kwa apex. Kuchedwetsa kukalamba kwa tsamba; Auxin yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa masamba inaletsa kutuluka kwa masamba, pomwe auxin yogwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa kutuluka kwa masamba inathandiza kutuluka kwa masamba. Auxin imalimbikitsa maluwa, imayambitsa kukula kwa parthenocarpy, komanso imachedwetsa kukhwima kwa zipatso.

Ikani

Indoleacetic acid ili ndi ntchito zambiri, koma siigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri chifukwa ndi yosavuta kuiwononga mkati ndi kunja kwa zomera. Poyamba, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa parthenocarpous ndi kupanga zipatso za phwetekere. Pa nthawi yophukira, maluwawo ankanyowa ndi madzi a 3000 mg/l kuti apange zipatso za phwetekere zopanda mbewu ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zipatso zomwe zimamera. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zoyambirira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chinali kulimbikitsa mizu ya zidutswazo. Kunyowetsa pansi pa zidutswazo ndi 100 mpaka 1000 mg/l ya mankhwala kungathandize kupanga mizu yowonjezera ya mtengo wa tiyi, mtengo wa chingamu, mtengo wa oak, metasequoia, tsabola ndi mbewu zina, ndikufulumizitsa kuchuluka kwa zakudya zomwe zimabereka. 1 ~ 10 mg/l indoleacetic acid ndi 10 mg/L oxamyline zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa mizu ya mbande za mpunga. 25 mpaka 400 mg/l ya chrysanthemum yamadzimadzi kamodzi (mu maola 9 a photoperiod), ikhoza kuletsa kutuluka kwa maluwa, kuchedwetsa maluwa. Kubzala padzuwa lalitali mpaka kufika pa 10 -5 mol/l kupopera kamodzi, kungapangitse maluwa aakazi kuchulukira. Kuchiza mbewu za beet kumathandiza kumera ndikuwonjezera zokolola za mizu ndi shuga.

Chiyambi cha auxin
Chiyambi

Auxin (auxin) ndi gulu la mahomoni achilengedwe okhala ndi mphete yosakhuta ya aromatic ndi unyolo wa acetic acid, chidule cha Chingerezi IAA, chomwe chimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, ndi indole acetic acid (IAA). Mu 1934, Guo Ge ndi anzake adachizindikira ngati indole acetic acid, kotero nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito indole acetic acid ngati mawu ofanana ndi auxin. Auxin imapangidwa m'masamba ang'onoang'ono otambalala ndi apical meristem, ndipo imasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi ponyamula phloem mtunda wautali. Mizu imapanganso auxin, yomwe imatengedwa kuchokera pansi kupita mmwamba. Auxin mu zomera imapangidwa kuchokera ku tryptophan kudzera m'magulu angapo. Njira yayikulu ndi kudzera mu indoleacetaldehyde. Indole acetaldehyde imatha kupangidwa ndi oxidation ndi deamination ya tryptophan kupita ku indole pyruvate kenako decarboxylated, kapena ikhoza kupangidwa ndi oxidation ndi deamination ya tryptophan kupita ku tryptamine. Kenako indole acetaldehyde imasinthidwa kukhala indole acetic acid. Njira ina yopangira ndikusintha tryptophan kuchokera ku indole acetonitrile kukhala indole acetic acid. Indoleacetic acid imatha kutsekedwa polumikizana ndi aspartic acid kukhala indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol kukhala indoleacetic acid kukhala inositol, glucose kukhala glucoside, ndi mapuloteni kukhala indoleacetic acid-protein complex m'zomera. Bound indoleacetic acid nthawi zambiri imakhala 50-90% ya indoleacetic acid m'zomera, zomwe zingakhale njira yosungira auxin m'zomera. Indoleacetic acid imatha kuwola ndi okosijeni wa indoleacetic acid, yomwe imapezeka kwambiri m'zomera. Ma auxin ali ndi zotsatira zambiri za thupi, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwawo. Kuchuluka kochepa kumatha kulimbikitsa kukula, kuchuluka kwakukulu kumaletsa kukula komanso kumapangitsa chomera kufa, kuletsa kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi ngati kungayambitse kupanga ethylene. Zotsatira za thupi za auxin zimawonekera pamlingo iwiri. Pa mlingo wa maselo, auxin imatha kulimbikitsa kugawikana kwa maselo a cambium; Kulimbikitsa kutalikitsa kwa maselo a nthambi ndikuletsa kukula kwa maselo a mizu; Kulimbikitsa kusiyana kwa maselo a xylem ndi phloem, kulimbikitsa mizu yodula tsitsi ndikulamulira morphogenesis ya callus. Pa mulingo wa chiwalo ndi chomera chonse, auxin imagwira ntchito kuyambira mmera mpaka kukhwima kwa zipatso. Auxin imalamulira kutalikitsa kwa mesocotyl ya mmera ndi kuletsa kuwala kofiira kosinthika; Pamene indoleacetic acid isamutsidwira kumbali yapansi ya nthambi, nthambiyo imapanga geotropism. Phototropism imachitika pamene indoleacetic acid isamutsidwira kumbali yakumbuyo ya nthambi. Indoleacetic acid idayambitsa kulamulira kwa apex. Kuchedwetsa kukalamba kwa masamba; Auxin yogwiritsidwa ntchito pamasamba idaletsa abscission, pomwe auxin yogwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa abscission idalimbikitsa abscission. Auxin imalimbikitsa maluwa, imayambitsa parthenocarpy kukula, ndikuchedwetsa kukhwima kwa zipatso. Winawake adabwera ndi lingaliro la ma hormone receptors. Cholandirira mahomoni ndi gawo lalikulu la maselo a molekyulu lomwe limalumikizana mwachindunji ndi mahomoni ogwirizana kenako limayambitsa zochitika zingapo. Kuphatikizika kwa indoleacetic acid ndi receptor kuli ndi zotsatira ziwiri: choyamba, chimagwira ntchito pa mapuloteni a nembanemba, zomwe zimakhudza acidification yapakati, kayendedwe ka ion pump ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu, zomwe ndi zotsatira zachangu (< mphindi 10); Chachiwiri ndikuchitapo kanthu pa ma nucleic acid, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa khoma la maselo ndi kupanga mapuloteni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo azikula pang'onopang'ono (mphindi 10). Kuchuluka kwa asidi m'thupi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa maselo. Indoleacetic acid imatha kuyambitsa enzyme ya ATP (adenosine triphosphate) pa nembanemba ya plasma, kuyambitsa ma hydrogen ions kutuluka mu selo, kuchepetsa pH ya medium, kuti enzyme iyambe kugwira ntchito, hydrolyze polysaccharide ya khoma la selo, kuti khoma la selo lifewetsedwe ndipo selo likule. Kupereka indoleacetic acid kunapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe a ma specific messenger RNA (mRNA), zomwe zinasintha kapangidwe ka mapuloteni. Chithandizo cha indoleacetic acid chinasinthanso kulimba kwa khoma la selo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukula kwa maselo kupitirire. Mphamvu ya auxin yokulitsa kukula makamaka ndikulimbikitsa kukula kwa maselo, makamaka kutalikitsa kwa maselo, ndipo sikukhudza kugawikana kwa maselo. Gawo la chomera chomwe chimamva kuwala kolimbikitsa lili kumapeto kwa tsinde, koma gawo lopindika lili pansi pa nsonga, chifukwa maselo omwe ali pansi pa nsonga akukula ndikukula, ndipo ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri ku auxin, kotero auxin imakhudza kwambiri kukula kwake. Homoni yokulira ya minofu yokalamba sigwira ntchito. Chifukwa chomwe auxin ingathandizire kukula kwa zipatso ndi mizu ya zidutswa ndikuti auxin imatha kusintha kufalikira kwa michere mu chomera, ndipo michere yambiri imapezeka mu gawo lomwe lili ndi kufalikira kwa auxin wambiri, ndikupanga malo ogawa. Auxin ikhoza kuyambitsa kupangika kwa tomato wopanda mbewu chifukwa pambuyo pochiza masamba a phwetekere osapangidwa ndi auxin, dzira la phwetekere limakhala malo ogawa michere, ndipo michere yomwe imapangidwa ndi photosynthesis ya masamba imatumizidwa nthawi zonse ku dzira, ndipo dzira limakula.

Kupanga, mayendedwe ndi kugawa

Mbali zazikulu za kapangidwe ka auxin ndi minofu ya meristant, makamaka mphukira zazing'ono, masamba, ndi mbewu zomwe zikukula. Auxin imafalikira m'ziwalo zonse za thupi la chomera, koma imakhala yokhazikika m'zigawo zomwe zimakula mwamphamvu, monga coleopedia, buds, root apex meristem, cambium, mbewu zomwe zikukula ndi zipatso. Pali njira zitatu zoyendera auxin m'zomera: mayendedwe a mbali, mayendedwe a polar ndi mayendedwe osazungulira. Mayendedwe a mbali (mayendedwe a auxin kumbuyo kwa nsonga ya coleoptile omwe amayambitsidwa ndi kuwala kwa mbali imodzi, mayendedwe a mbali ya auxin pafupi ndi nthaka m'mizu ndi tsinde la zomera zikadutsa). Mayendedwe a polar (kuchokera kumapeto kwa mawonekedwe mpaka kumapeto kwa mawonekedwe). Mayendedwe osazungulira (m'maselo okhwima, auxin imatha kunyamulidwa osazungulira kudzera mu phloem).

Kuphatikizika kwa zochita za thupi

Kuchuluka kochepa kwa madzi kumalimbikitsa kukula, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa madzi kumaletsa kukula. Ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za zomera zimakhala ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana kuti auxin ikhale ndi madzi okwanira. Kuchuluka kwa madzi okwanira kunali pafupifupi 10E-10mol/L pa mizu, 10E-8mol/L pa mphukira ndi 10E-5mol/L pa mphukira. Ma analogues a Auxin (monga naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, ndi zina zotero) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zomera kuti azilamulira kukula kwa zomera. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mphukira za nyemba zimapangidwa, kuchuluka koyenera kukula kwa mizu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mphukira za nyemba. Zotsatira zake, mizu ndi mphukira zimalepheretsedwa, ndipo mphukira zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku hypocotyl zimakula kwambiri. Ubwino waukulu wa kukula kwa tsinde la zomera umatsimikiziridwa ndi makhalidwe oyendera zomera kuti zipange auxin ndi kuwirikiza kwa zotsatira za auxin physiological. Mphukira ya pamwamba pa tsinde la chomera ndiyo gawo logwira ntchito kwambiri popanga auxin, koma kuchuluka kwa auxin komwe kumapangidwa pa mphukira ya pamwamba kumatumizidwa nthawi zonse ku tsinde kudzera mu kayendedwe kogwira ntchito, kotero kuchuluka kwa auxin mu mphukira ya pamwamba sikokwera kwambiri, pomwe kuchuluka kwa tsinde laling'ono kumakhala kwakukulu. Ndikoyenera kwambiri kukula kwa tsinde, koma kumalepheretsa mphukira. Kuchuluka kwa auxin pamalo oyandikira mphukira yapamwamba, kumalimbitsa mphamvu yoletsa mphukira ya m'mbali, ndichifukwa chake zomera zambiri zazitali zimapanga mawonekedwe a pagoda. Komabe, si zomera zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya pamwamba, ndipo zitsamba zina zimayamba kuwonongeka kapena kuchepa pambuyo pa kukula kwa mphukira ya pamwamba kwa nthawi yayitali, kutaya mphamvu yoyambirira ya pamwamba, kotero mawonekedwe a mtengo wa chitsamba si pagoda. Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa auxin kwakukulu kumalepheretsa kukula kwa zomera, kupanga kuchuluka kwa auxin analogues kungagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera udzu, makamaka kwa udzu wosiyanasiyana.

Ma analogue a Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D. Chifukwa chakuti auxin imapezeka pang'ono m'zomera, ndipo sikophweka kusunga. Pofuna kuwongolera kukula kwa zomera, kudzera mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala, anthu apeza ma analogue a auxin, omwe ali ndi zotsatira zofanana ndipo amatha kupangidwa mochuluka, ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga ulimi. Zotsatira za mphamvu yokoka ya nthaka pa kufalikira kwa auxin: kukula kwa maziko a tsinde ndi kukula kwa mizu pansi kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi, chifukwa chake mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi imayambitsa kufalikira kosagwirizana kwa auxin, komwe kumafalikira kwambiri mbali yapafupi ya tsinde ndipo sikufalikira kwambiri kumbuyo. Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa auxin mu tsinde kunali kwakukulu, auxin yambiri mbali yapafupi ya tsinde idalimbikitsa, kotero mbali yapafupi ya tsinde idakula mofulumira kuposa mbali yakumbuyo, ndipo idasunga kukula kwa tsinde mmwamba. Pa mizu, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa auxin m'mizu kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, auxin yambiri pafupi ndi nthaka imalepheretsa kukula kwa mizu, kotero kukula kwa pafupi ndi nthaka kumakhala kochedwa kuposa kumbuyo, ndipo kukula kwa mizu kumakhalabe. Popanda mphamvu yokoka, mizu siimakula kwenikweni. Zotsatira za kuchepa kwa kulemera pa kukula kwa zomera: kukula kwa mizu kupita pansi ndi kukula kwa tsinde kutali ndi nthaka zimayambitsidwa ndi mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi, yomwe imachitika chifukwa cha kufalikira kosagwirizana kwa auxin pansi pa kulowetsedwa kwa mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi. Mu malo opanda mphamvu yokoka, chifukwa cha kutayika kwa mphamvu yokoka, kukula kwa tsinde kudzataya kubwerera m'mbuyo, ndipo mizu idzatayanso makhalidwe a kukula kwa nthaka. Komabe, ubwino waukulu wa kukula kwa tsinde ulipobe, ndipo mayendedwe a auxin polar sakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu yokoka.